Democracy in the Contemporary World

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I. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT I. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
Questions within the Lesson

Page No. 3

Q.1. President Salvador Allende (wearing a helmet) and his security guards in front of La
Moneda, Chile’s Presidential Palace, on 11 September, 1973, hours before his death.
What do you read on everyone’s face in this photograph?

Q.2. Why did President Allende address himself mainly to workers? Why were
Ans. He addressed the workers because they were his biggest supporters. He had taken several
policy decisions as President to help the poor and the workers, and he had faith in them. The
rich were against him because of his policies, which supported the poor and taxed the rich.

Q.3. President Michelle
Bachelet addressing her supporters after her victory in the
presidential election in January 2006. From this photograph do you notice any difference
between an election rally in Chile and in India?
Ans. In India the people never sit or stand so close to the speaker. They are always kept far away,
or behind a fence by the police. The speaker is always surrounded by body guards carrying

Ans. Fear. Anxiety.

 the rich

unhappy with him?

Page No. 4

firearms. The setting is more formal.

Q.4. Why was an independent trade union so important in Poland? Why are trade unions
Page No. 6

necessary?

Ans. Poland had only one workers union controlled by the Polish United Workers’ Party. So there
was autocratic rule of this party. People could not form independent unions which voiced their
grievances. There was no freedom of speech.
Trade unions are necessary as they help in maintaining or improving the conditions of the
workers. They represent the workers’ views and demands to the management and fight for their

rights.

Page No. 10

Q.5. Looking at these maps, which period do you find most important in the expansion of
democracy? Why?
Ans. The period after 1975 till 2000 AD. In this period most of the countries in Africa became
independent and supported democratic governments. The USSR broke up and 15 independent
states emerged, most of them choosing democracy. Same is true of South America.

Page No. 12

Q.6. Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park in Accra,
the capital of Ghana. This park was
commissioned in 1992, twenty years after Nkrumah passed away. What might have
caused this delay?
Ans. The delay in the commission of the Kwane Nkrumah Memorial must be due to the fact that
in 1966 Nkrumah was overthrown by the military in Ghana. It was only after the return to
democracy in 1992, that a tribute to the first democratic leader in Africa was paid in the form
of this Memorial.

2



Page No. 13

Q.7. This cartoon appeared in 2005 when Aung San Suu Kyi turned 60. What is the cartoonist
saying here? Will the army rulers feel happy with this cartoon?
Ans. Cartoon : No. The cartoon mocks the military rulers. They wish Suu Kyi a happy birthday
by putting her in jail. Her 60th birthday cake is in the form or shape of a jail.

Q.8. What should be the policy of the government of India towards the military rulers of
Myanmar?
Ans. The Government of India can support Suu Kyi in all international forums and demand her

freedom without interfering in the domestic affairs of the government of Myanmar. It must
fight for her freedom under Human Rights.

Q.9. This
cartoon was published in Mexico in 2005 and was titled ‘International Games’.
Which games is the cartoonist talking about here? What does the ball symbolise? Who
Ans. Cartoon : ‘International Games’ refers to the politics between superpowers and the terrorists.
The ball represents the rest of the world kicked around in the struggle.

Q.10. Should there be a world government? If yes, who should elect it? And what powers
Ans. Yes a world government like the UN. It should have representatives of all the nations, with
each nation given the same status. Each nation should send its own representatives, elected by
the people. They should have powers to fight for Human Rights and Democracy.

Q.11. Should the permanent members of the UN give up the power to veto?
Ans. Yes, they should. The five veto powers should not be allowed to dictate terms to the rest of
Q.12. Wolfowitz was a senior official in the Department of Defence in the US (commonly called
Page No. 14

are the players?

should it have?

Page No. 15

the world.

Page No. 16

Pentagon). Hecomments on his appointment as the President of the World Bank. What does the cartoon
tell us about the relationship between the World Bank and the US?

Ans. The cartoon exposes the aggressive policies of the US. Wolfowitz claims, “I worked for peace
at the Pentagon” and backed US attack on Iraq! He is going to do the same at the World Bank.
Support US aggression with the help of the World Bank. It shows how the US is dominating

 was an

aggressive supporter of the invasion of Iraq. The cartoon

the world policies.

Page No. 17

Q.13. The cartoon “Cactus of Democracy” was published in 2004. What does the cactus look
like here? Who is gifting it, and to whom? What is the message?
Ans. The cactus looks like the Statue of Liberty in the USA. Iraq is gifting it to the US Army. It
clearly states that the Iraqis do not want liberty forced on them by the US Army, a liberty
which destroyed their country in a war.

3



Page No. 18

Q.14. ‘Helping Democracy’ was a comment on the presence of US forces during the elections
in Iraq. Do you think the cartoon can apply to many other situations? Identify some
examples from this chapter which this cartoon can help understand.
Ans. Yes this cartoon gives an indirect message to all. External force can never establish democracy
in any country. The presence of the US Armed forces have forced people to vote. But this kind
of election cannot be sustained for long. Any government, imposed on the people by external
force, cannot last long. We have learnt from the lesson how all military rulers were overthrown

USSR.

Questions in the Exercise

by the people. Democracy can be established only when people of the country want it and
struggle for it. We have the examples of Chile, Poland, Ghana and the break-up of the mighty

Q.1. Which of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
(b) Invasion by foreign countries
(d) People’s desire for freedom
Q.2. Which of the following statement is true about today’s world?
(a) Monarchy as a form of government has vanished
(b) The relationship between different countries has become more democratic than
(a) Struggle by the people
(c) End of colonialism
Ans. Invasion by foreign countries.

(c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
(d) There are no more military dictators in the world.
Ans. In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
ever

before.

....


(d) All countries in the world should be treated equally.
Ans. All countries in the world should be treated equally.
Q.4. Based on the information given in this chapter, match the following countries and the
Q.3. Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence:
Democracy in the international organisations requires that

(a) The rich countries should have a greater say.
(b) Countries should have a say according to their military power.
(c) Countries should be treated with respect in proportion to their population.
path democracy has taken in that country.

Country

(a) Chile
Path to Democracy

(i) Freedom from British colonial rule
(b) Nepal (ii) End of military dictatorship
(c) Poland (iii) End of one-party rule
(d) Ghana (iv) King agreed to give up his powers
Ans. (a) – (ii); (b) – (iv); (c) – (iii); (d) – (i).
Q.5. What are the difficulties people face in a non-democratic country? Give answers drawing
from the examples given in this chapter.
Ans. (i) No freedom to elect their leaders

(ii) No freedom to speech and expression
4



(iii) Censorship of press
(iv) No freedom to form unions
(v) Single-party rule
(vi) No hand in government policies
(vii) Suffeing violence, oppression without any legal redress.
Q.6. Which freedoms are usually taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the
military?
Ans. All the above.

Q.7. Which of the following positions can contribute to democracy at the global level? Give
reasons for your answer in each case.
(a) My country gives more money to international institutions. Therefore, I want to be treated
with more respect and exercise more power.
(b) My country may be small or poor. But my voice must be heard with equal respect, because
these decisions will affect my country.
(c) Wealthy nations will have a
greater say in international affairs. They cannot let their
interests suffer just because they are outnumbered by poor nations.
(d) Big countries like India must have a greater say in international organisations.
Ans. (b) Because in a democracy all nations must have equal powers while the rest of the statements
support the rich and the developed nations. They cannot contribute to democracy on a

Q.8. Here are three opinions heard in a television debate on the struggle for democracy in
Nepal. Which of these do you agree with and why?
Guest 1 :
India is a democracy. Therefore, the Indian government must support the people of
Nepal who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy.

Guest 2 :
That is a dangerous argument. We would be in the same position as the US was in
Iraq. Remember, no outside force can promote democracy.

Guest 3 :
But why should we bother about the internal affairs of another country? We should
be worried about our business interests there, not about democracy.

global level.

Ans. Guest 1 :Without interfering one can support democracy through public opinion, media and
international forums. India has to support freedom struggle led by the people in
Nepal, because it is

Moreover, India has always supported democracy all over the world and people’s
struggle for it.

Q.9. In an imaginary country called Happyland, the people overthrew the foreign ruler and
our neighbour and a buffer state between China and India.

brought back the old royal family. They said: “After all their ancestors were our kings
before foreigners started ruling us. It is good that we have one strong ruler, who can help
us become rich and powerful.” When someone talked about democracy the wise men said
it is a foreign idea. Their struggle was to throw the foreigners and their ideas out of the
country. When someone demanded freedom for the media, the elders thought that too
much criticism of the ruler would not help them improve their living standards. “After
all, the king is so kind and interested in the welfare of all the subjects. Why create
problems for him? Don’t we all want to be happy?”

5



After reading the above passage, Chaman, Champa and Chandru made the following
observations:
Chaman : Happyland is a democratic country because people were able to throw out the

foreign rulers and bring back the king.

Champa :
Happyland is not a democratic country because people cannot criticise the ruler.
The king may be nice and may provide economic prosperity, but a king cannot give
a democratic rule.

Chandru :
What people need is happiness. So they are willing to allow their new ruler to take
decisions for them. If people are happy it must be a democracy.

What is your opinion about each of these statements? What do you think about the form of

Ans. Chaman :
There is a flaw in the argument. The king was not elected, he can turn an absolute
monarch and take away democratic institutions. There is no guarantee that he will
bring happiness to the people. Freedom from colonial rule does not guarantee

Champa :
I agree with Champa. A king does not guarantee democracy. It will be a one-man
rule. For a democracy we need representatives chosen by the people for a fixed

Chandru : Happiness does not mean democracy, it may mean economic prosperity. It does not
mean that people have been given all their rights by the king. It could be a welfare
state without being a democracy. One single ruler for life is not

government in this country?

democracy.

period of time, not forever.

a feature of

democracy.

The form of government is a monarchy.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (AS PER CCE PATTERN)

B. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 MARK]
Q.1. “Workers of my homeland! I have faith in Chile and its futurelesson to castigate felony, cowardice, and treason.” Who said this?
(a) General Augusto Pinochet
...... It will be a moral

[Important]

(c) Salvador Allende
(b) General Alberto Bachelet
(d) Michelle Bachelet
Ans. (c)

Q.2. When did the military coup take place in Chile?
(a) 12 Sept. 1973
Q.3. Who led the military coup in Chile in 1973?
(b) 11 Sept. 1973 (c) 11 Sept. 1974 (d) None of the above
Ans. (b)

(a) General Alberto Bachelet
(b) Michelle Bachelet
(c) General Augusto Pinochet (d) Salvador Allende
Ans. (c)
Q.4. What is a referendum?
[Important]
(a) A vote of all the people on an important national issue
(b) A vote of educated population
(c) A vote of men only (d) None of the above
Ans. (a)
6



Q.5. Who was elected as President of Chile in Jan. 2006?
(a) Michelle Bachelet
(b) General Bachelet
(c) General Pinochet (d) None of the above
Ans. (a)
Q.6. Which party ruled in Poland in 1980?
(a) Polish Workers Party
(b) Polish Party
(c) Polish United Workers’ Party (d) None of the above
Ans. (c)
Q.7. The workers of Lenin Shipyard in the city of Gdansk went on a strike on
(b) 15 Aug 1980 (c) 14 Sept 1980 (d) None of the above
Q.8. Who was the leader of the Solidarity Movement in Poland?
(b) Lech Walesa (c) Jaruzelski (d) None of the above
Q.9. The three governments of Allende’s Chile, Walesa’s Poland and Michelle’s Chile had a
(a) Democratic form of government (b) Martial law
(c) Communist form of government (d) All the above
Q.10. Which Revolution inspired many struggles for democracy all over Europe?
(a) Russian Revolution
(b) American Revolution
(c) French Revolution
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Q.11. When did the British colonies in America declare themselves independent?
(b) 1776 A.D. (c) 1778 A.D. (d) 1780 A.D.
Q.12. What is meant by Universal Adult Franchise?
(a) Right to vote to property owners (b) Right to vote to women
(c) Right to vote to all adults
(d) Right to vote to blacks
(a) 14 Aug 1980
Ans. (a)

(a) Pinochet
Ans. (b)

Ans. (a)

[Important]

Ans. (c)

(a) 1774 A.D.
Ans. (b)

Ans. (c)

Q.13. When did Ghana become independent and from whom?
(a) 1956, Dutch (b) 1957, France
Q.14. After Independence,
who became the first Prime Minister and then the President of
Ghana?
(a) Patrice Lumamba
(c) 1957, Britain (d) 1958, Germany
Ans. (c)

(b) Jomo Kenyatta (c) Sam Nujoma (d) Kwame Nkrumah
Ans. (b)

Q.15. By 2005, about how many countries were holding multi-party elections in the world?
(a) 160 (b) 240 (c) 140 (d) 260
Ans. (c)
Q.16. When did Myanmar attain independence and what type of government did it adopt?
(a) 1946, communist
(b) 1948, democracy
(c) 1947, democracy (d) 1948, dictatorship
Ans. (b)
7



Q.17. Which award has been won by Suu Kyi?
[Important]
(a) Literary Award (b) Oscar Award (c) Nobel Peace Prize (d) None of the above
Ans. (c)
Q.18. Who is the Chief Administrative Officer of the U.N.?
(a) General Secretary (b) Secretary General (c) Security General (d) General
Ans. (b)
Q.19. Which organ of the U.N. is responsible for maintaining peace and security among the
countries?
(b) Security Council
(d) All the above
Q.20. Name the body of the U.N. which acts like a Parliament.
(b) Security Council
(d) Social and Economic Council
Q.21. How many members does the Security Council consist of ?
(c) 15
(d) 20
Q.22. Name the five permanent members of the Security Council.
(a) General Assembly
(c) International Court of Justice
Ans. (b)

(a) General Assembly
(c) International Court of Justice
Ans. (a)

(a) 5
(b)10
Ans. (c)

(a) US, Germany, France, China, Italy (b) US, Britain, Germany, Italy, France
(c) US, France, Switzerland, China, Russia (d) US, France, Britain, Russia, China
Q.23. Which country contributes most of the money to U.N.?
[Important]

Ans. (d)

(b) France
Q.24. The President of the World Bank has always been from
(b) U.S.A.
(a) U.K.
(c) U.S.A. (d) China
Ans. (c)

(a) U.K.
(c) France (d) Russia
Ans. (b)

Q.25. Who was Wolfowitz?
(a) President of U.S.A.
(c) President of World Bank
Q.26. Which party ruled Iraq since 1968?
(b) President of IMF
(d) President of UNESCO
Ans. (c)

(a) Baa’th Party
(b) Socialist Baa’th Party
(c) Arab Socialist Baa’th Party (d) None of the above
Ans. (c)
Q.27. In which year
did Saddam Hussein become the President of Iraq? Which type of
government did he set up?
(a) 1969, dictatorial government (b) 1970, democratic government
(c) 1979, communist government (d) 1979, dictatorial government
Ans. (a)
8



Q.28. What is the territory under the immediate political control of another state called?
(a) Communist state
(b) Colony
(c) Democratic state (d) None of the above
Ans. (b)
Q.29. Which one of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
(a) Struggle by the people
(b) End of colonialism
(c) People’s desire for freedom (d) Invasion by foreign countries
Ans. (d)

Q.30. Use
of the following statements to complete the sentence : Democracy in the
international organisations requires that ... [V. Important]

(a)
the rich countries should have a greater say.
(b)
countries should have a say according to their military power.
(c)
countries should be treated with respect in proportion to their population.
(d)
all countries should be treated equally.
31.
Which one of the following situations is democratic?
(a) General Pinochet, an Army General of Chile, led a coup and became the President of the
(b) In China, always the Communist Party only wins in elections and forms the government.
(c) The government led by Jaruzelski in
Poland, imposed martial law and imprisoned
thousands of Solidarity members who took part in strike.
(d) The African National Congress of South Africa drew up a constitution which gave most
extensive rights to its citizns.
32. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
one

Ans. (d)

[2010 (T-1)]


country.

Ans. (d)

(a) America became independent from British rule in 1776
(b) They adopted a democratic constitution in 1787
(c) Many countries in Europe gave right to vote to only propertied people
[2010 (T-1)]


Ans. (d)

(d) In United States of America all the citizens including Blacks were given right to vote from
the beginning.
33. Which
one of the following countries is not a permanent member of UN Security
Council? [2010 (T-1)]
(a) China (b) France (c) Japan (d) Russia
Ans. (c)
34. How many member states are there in the International Monetary Fund? [2010 (T-1)]
(a) 173 (b) 192 (c) 200 (d) 190
Ans. (a)
9



35. Which country among the following was the only country by 1900, where every citizen
had voting right? [2010 (T-1)]
(a) Australia (b) New Zealand (c) Poland (d) USA
Ans. (b)
36. Which country supported and controlled the autocratic government in Poland?[2010 (T-1)]
(a) USA (b) China (c) Russia (d) UK
Ans. (c)
37. What is the total number of members in the UN General Assembly? [2010 (T-1)]
(c) 193 (d) 205
38. Who among the following in UN has always been a citizen of the US ? [2010 (T-1)]
(b) President of the World Bank
(d) Secretary General
39. Which of the following countries was the first to give universal adult suffrage?
[2010 (T-1)]
(c) India (d) USA
(a) 200 (b) 190
Ans. (c)

(a) Treasury Secretary
(c) Finance Secretary
Ans. (b)

(a) New Zealand (b) Britain
Ans. (a)

(c) 1991
40. Soviet Union broke in the year:
[2010 (T-1)]


(b) 1900
41. Which of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
(a) Struggle by people
(a) 1930
(d) 2001
Ans. (c)

[2010 (T-1)]


(c) End of colonialism
42. Who was the leader of Solidarity Movement in Poland?
(b) Invasion by foreign country
(d) People’s desire for freedom
Ans. (b)

(a) Michelle Bachelete (b) Salvador Allende
[2010 (T-1)]


(c) Lech Walesa (d) Pinochet
43. Why was International Monetary Fund established?
(a) To maintain peace and security among the countries
(b) Lends money to governments of member nations when in need
(c) To implement and formulate trade agreements
Ans. (c)

[2010 (T-1)]


(d) To take decision regarding misery and poverty of western countries
Ans. (b)
44. Which organ of the United Nations is responsible for maintaining peace and security
among countries? [2010 (T-1)]
(a) UN Security Council (b) International Monetary Fund
(c) World Bank (d) General Assembly
Ans. (a)
10



45. In Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi led : [2010 (T-1)]
(a) National Congress (b) United Workers Party
(c) Communist Party (d) The National League for Democracy
Ans. (d)
46. First Prime Minister of Ghana was : [2010 (T-1)]
(a) Augusto Pinochet (b) Nkrumah (c) General Bachelet (d) Allende
Ans. (b)
47. Strike the odd one out :
(a) General Assembly (b) International Court of Justice
(c) Security Council (d) Veto
48. Choose the correct meaning of the term ‘‘Veto’’ :
(a) It means to pass a decision by majority
(b) It means to pass a decision by two-third majority
(c) It means to stop a decision by a single member
(d) It means to adopt a decision by a single member
49. How many members countries are there in Security Council of UN?
(b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 10
50. Which of the following international institution direct asks the concerned government to
show all its accounts and directs it to make change in its economic policy? Choose the
(a) The General Assembly (b) The Economic and Social Council
(c) The World Bank (d) The Security Council
51. A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular
[2010 (T-1)]


Ans. (d)

[2010 (T-1)]


Ans. (c)

[2010 (T-1)]


(a) 25
Ans. (c)

correct answer :

[2010 (T-1)]


Ans. (c)

proposal is termed as :

(a) Coalition (b) Referendum
52. Name of the leader in Myanmar put under house arrest is :
(a) Ban Kimoon
[2010 (T-1)]


(c) Veto (d) Election
Ans. (b)

[2010 (T-1)]


(b) Uthan (c) Aung San Suu Kyi (d) Khalida Zia
Ans. (c)

53. Organisation which lends money to governments in need is : [2010 (T-1)]
(a) NATO (b) IMF (c) UNESCO (d) SAARC
Ans. (b)
54. How many permanent members of Security Council are in the UNO? [2010 (T-1)]
(a) 5 (b)7 (c)10 (d)15
Ans. (a)
11



55. Which one of the following UN Secretary Generals said that the US war on Iraq was
illegal ? [2010 (T-1)]
(a) Kofi Annan (b) Boutras Ghali (c) Homerfield (d) None of these
Ans. (a)
56. Pinochet’s military dictatorship came to an end in Chile in : [2010 (T-1)]
(a) 1978 (b) 1988 (c) 1999 (d) 2000
Ans. (b)
57. General Musharraf brought back army rule in Pakistan in : [2010 (T-1)]
(c) 1999 (d) 2000
[2010 (T-1)]

(c) Myanmar (d) Ghana
59. How many years did Pinochet rule in Chile? [2010 (T-1)]
(c) 25 (d) 10
a permanant member of the Security
[2010 (T-1)]

(d) Pakistan
(a) 1997 (b) 1998
Ans. (c)

58. ‘Gold Coast’ was the ancient name of :
(a) Poland (b) Chile
Ans. (d)

(a) 17 (b) 20
Ans. (a)

60. Which one of the following countries is
Council ?

(c) India
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [3 MARKS]
(a) Germany (b) China
Ans. (b)

Ans. Allende was the founder leader of the Socialist Party of Chile, a country in South America.
He led the Popular Unity Coalition to victory in 1970 and became the President of Chile. As
President he took several policy decisions to help the poor and the workers.

Q.2. Why did the workers of Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk go on strike in 1980?
Q.1. Who was Allende?
[Important]

Ans. The workers the Lenin Shipyard in the city of Gdansk went on a strike on 14 Aug 1980. The
factory was owned by the government. The workers went on a strike demanding the factory

to take back a crane operator, a woman worker, who was unjustly dismissed from the service.

Q.3. What was the position that Nkrumah enjoyed in Ghana after its independence?
Ans. Ghana became independent in 1957. After independence Nkrumah became the first Prime
Minister and than the President of Ghana. He was an inspiration for democrats in Africa, but

he got himself elected President for life. Soon after in 1966, he was overthrown by the military.

Q.4. What role does General Assembly play in the UN?
Ans. General Assembly is like the Parliament of UN where all the discussions take place. In that
sense, the UN would appear to be a very democratic organisation. But the General Assembly
cannot take any decision about what action should be taken in a conflict between countries.

Q.5. State how Security Council helps in making the UN a democratic body.
Ans. The Security Council has 15 members – 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members. This
12



15 member Security Council of the the UN takes crucial decisions. However, the real power
is with the five permanent members; and they possess the veto power. So, Security Council
doesn’t help much in making the UN a democratic body.

Q.6. Give one example to prove that the global institution, IMF, fails to pass the simple test
of democracy that is used for national governments.
Ans. International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of the biggest moneylenders in the world. But its
173 member states do not have equal voting rights as the vote of each country is weighed by
how much money it has contributed to the IMF. Nearly half of the voting power in the IMF

is in the hands of only seven countries (US, Japan, France, UK, Saudi Arabia, China and

Q.7. Should a democratic country
wage a war and invade other countries for establishing
democracy there? Give your opinion stating at least one example.
Ans. In my opinion, the democratic countries do not have any right to wage a war in order to
establish democracy in non-democratic countries. The attack of US on Iraq, blaming it for
possessing the weapons of mass destruction, was more because of its ownestablishment of democracy there. Moreover, unless people of a nation are themselves actively
engaged in a struggle to make their society democratic, external help will be hardly of any help.

Q.8. The functioning of UN Security Council is undemocratic. Justify the statement by giving
three suitable examples?
(i) The real power is with the five permanent members.
(ii) These members have veto power.
(iii)Security council cannot take a decision if these permanent members say No to it.
Q.9. What policies were adopted by Salvador Allende after his election as President of Chile
in 1970? Assess any three reforms.
(i) Reform of the educational system.
(ii) Free milk for children.
(iii)Redistribution of land to the landless farmers.
Russia).

[Important]

 ambition than

[2010 (T-1)]


Ans.

[2010 (T-1)]


Ans.

Q.10. 'International Monetary Fund is not truely democratic institution.' Justify this statement
s 173 member states do not have equal voting rights.

with three examples.

(i) IMF'
(ii) The vote of each country is weighed by how much money it has contributed to the IMF.
(iii)Nearly half of the voting power is in the hands of only seven countries.
Q.11. Explain any three contributions of UN as a government of the world.
[2010 (T-1)]


Ans.

[2010 (T-1)]


Ans. (i) It is a global association of nations of the world to help in international law security
economic development and social equity.

(ii) It maintains peace and security among countries, it can put together on International Army.
(iii) It can take action against the wrong doer.
Q.12. Who was elected as President of Chile in 1970? What steps did he take to help the poor?
[2010 (T-1)]
Ans. Salvador Allende was elected president of Chile in 1970. (i) He reformed education system;

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(ii) He provide free milk for children; and (iii) He arranged redistribution of land to the
landless farmers.
Q.13. ‘The disintegration of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of expansion of
democracy.’ Give reasons. [2010 (T-1)]
Ans. Disintergration of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of democracy :

(i) As it controlled many of its neighbouring communist countries in Eastern Europe.
(ii) Countries controlled by it became democracies.
(iii) Soviet Union comprised 15 Republics. They all emerged as independent countries, most
Q.14. How was democracy re-established in Poland?
an electrician, joined the strikers (workers of Lenin Shipyard). He became
popular. The government agreed to the workers, demand. An independent trade union was
formed. Soon it had one crore members. The government tried to put it down. Another wave
of strike followed. This time it resulted in an agreement in 1989 for free elections. Walesa was

(i) Allende’s democratic government preferred government control on big industries and
(ii) Walesa wanted the market to be free of government interference.
of them as decomracies.

[2010 (T-1)]


Ans. Lech Walesa

 –


elected President of Poland.

Q.15. Give any three features of democracy.
[2010 (T-1)]


Ans.

economy.

(iii) Michelle stands somewhere in the middle.
Q.16. Who was Lech Walesa? How did he become famous in Poland?
former electrician of the Lenin Shipyard. He joined and then led the
striking workers. He signed a 21 point agreement with the government that ended the strike.

[2010 (T-1)]


Ans. Lech Walesa

 was a

A new trade union called Solidarity was formed.
General Jaruzeleski imposed martial law. Another wave of strike follwed in April 1989. Free
election were held. Solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats. Walesa was elected President of

Q.17. Who was Salvador Allende? Why was his policy opposed by the aristocrats?
Poland.

Ans. Salvador Allende was the President of Chile. The landlords, the rich and the church opposed
his reforms and policies.

Q.18. How did Solidarity come to power in Poland?
Ans. On 11 September 1973 the military took over the seaport. The Defence Minister was arrested
[2010 (T-1)]


[2010 (T-1)]


by the military. Allende was asked to resign. He addressed the nation on the radio. It was his
last speech. He died in a military attack on the president's house.

D. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [4 MARKS]
Q.1. What were the differences between Pinochet’s rule in Chile and the communist rule in
Poland? [V. Important]
Ans. Pinochet, an Army General supported by the government of USA, led a coup in Chile in
1973 against Allende’s popularly elected government. With this, dictatorship was established

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in Chile. Pinochet’s government tortured and killed several of those who supported Allende

and wanted to restore democracy there.
In Poland, a Communist Party called Polish United Workers’ Party ruled in 1980. No other
political party was allowed to function. The government of Poland was supported by Soviet
Union. But when the movement led by Lech Walesa spread, demanding the workers’ rights, the
government had to give in. Finally, an agreement was signed between Walesa and the Polish
government in April 1989 for free elections. In 1990, elections were held in which more than
one party could contest.

Q.2. Write about one of the major demands made in the 19th century in the struggle for
Ans. In the 19th century, struggles for democracy often centred round political equality, freedom and
justice. There was a demand for right to vote for every adult citizen. Many European countries
that were becoming more democratic did not initially allow all people to vote. In
countries, only people owning property had the right to vote. Often women did not have the
right to vote. Those struggling for democracy wanted “universal suffrage”, i.e. voting right for

 men or women, rich or poor, white or black.

Q.3. What were the major changes that took place in India’s neighbourhood in the 1990s and
[V. Important]
Ans. In the 1990s, Pakistan and Bangladesh made a transition from army rule to democracy. In
Nepal the king gave up many of his powers to become a constitutional monarch to be guided
by elected leaders. However, these changes were not permanent. In 1999, General Musharraf
set up army rule in Pakistan. In 2005, the new king of Nepal dismissed the elected government
and took back political freedoms that people had won in the previous decade.

Q.4. State how democracy was crushed in Myanmar after the elections were held there in
Ans. In 1990, in Myanmar, elections were held for the first time after almost 28 years. The National
League for Democracy led by Aung San Sui Kyi won the election. But the military leaders of
Myanmar refused to step down and did not recognise the election results. The military put the

democracy.

some

all adults

 –


2005?


1990.


elected pro-democracy leaders, including Sui Kyi, under house arrest. Anyone caught publicly
airing views or issuing statements critical of the regime could be sentenced up to twenty years

in prison.

Q.5. In the absence of a single world government, what kind of limits are put on what the
governments do?
Ans. There is no single world government, but there are many institutions in the world that perform

partially the functions of such a government. These organisations cannot command countries
and citizens in a way a government can, but they do make rules that put limits on what
governments can do.

The United Nations has evolved many conventions on these questions that are now binding on
the countries of the world. The UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and
security among countries. The International Monetary Fund lends money to governments when
they need it. The World Bank also gives loans to the governments.

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II. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT II. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. PROJECT
Topic Covered : Establishment of democracy in Chile, Poland.
Objective : To create awareness about the struggles in the establishment of

democracy.
Skills Developed : Analytical understanding of progress of democracy in the world in the


contemporary period.
Time Required : 3 – 4 days

of Salvador Allende’s government in 1973
after the military coup in Chile; the victory of Michelle Bachelet in
the presidential elections in 2006.

(b)
Explain and track the establishment of democracy in Poland under
Solidarity Party; the role of Lech Walesa in this restoration.
(c)
Compare and contrast the two events.
(d)
Give the current status of democracy in Chile and Poland.
In ‘conclusion’, give your own views regarding the two
establishment of democracy.

Method : (a) Explain the overthrow

(e)
cases of

(1) (a) Locate Poland on the map. Write down the names of the countries that surround it.
(b) Which other East European countries were ruled by communist parties in the 1980’s?
B. ACTIVITIES
Shade them on the map.

(c) List five political activities that you could not have participated in Poland in the 1980s
but you do in your own country.
(2) Make a list of the features of all five governments given in the table. Some features may be
common but they need to be written separately under each topic. (Some of the features may
be: Military dictatorship, multiple parties, corruption, ruler not elected by the people, ruler
elected by the people, government owned all industries, etc.)
CHILE
(Allende)
GOYCHILE
(Pinochet)
CHILE
(Bachelet)
POLAND
(Jaruzelski)
POLAND
(Walesa)
FEATURES

C. GROUP DISCUSSIONS
(1) Divide the class in groups of ten students and organise a group discussion on the topic ‘Do
you think it is good to elect someone President for life or is it better to hold regular elections
after every four or five years?’
16


(Guidelines : The teacher will throw light on the topic, giving examples, and then initiate and
conduct the discussion.)

(2) Divide the class in four groups and assign one of the following topics to each group.
(a) India, Japan and Brazil should become permanent members of the Security Council.
(b) The UN President should be elected directly by all the people of the world.
(c) UN General Assembly should function as the World Parliament with representatives from
each member country and the representatives should elect a World Government.
(d) Armies should be disbanded in individual countries and the UN should maintain armed
forces and use them in case a conflict between two countries is not resolved peacefully.
D. SEMINAR
Recently George Bush visited India to participate in the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit.
He defended the invasion of Iraq giving some arguments (such as Iraq possessing Weapons of
Mass Destruction (WMDs), America’s task of democracy promotion in rest

Organise a seminar on the topic, ‘Were USA and England justified in declaring war on Iraq?
(Guidelines : The teacher could select five students with good oratory skills to speak at the
seminar. An expert on foreign affairs should be invited to speak on the topic. The selected
students would do well to collect information on the debate related to America’s invasion of
Iraq. What were the reasons originally offered for the invasion by President of the USA and
Prime Minister of the UK? What were the reasons offered after the war? What were the
disclosures by UN investigation team after the war?)

E. MAKING A POSTER/ COLLAGE/ WALLPAPER
Form various groups in your class and collect different types of information (news clippings,
articles, photographs, cartoons, etc) about struggles for democracy in Nepal. You could present
the information thus collected in various forms : an exhibition, a collage, a poster, or a wallpaper.

of the

world, etc.)

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